Cannabis Laws by State
Select a State
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Montana
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- North Carolina
- New York
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington
- West Virginia
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
Alabama
Legal Status
Medical cannabis is legal. Recreational cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2021 under the Darren Wesley 'Ato' Hall Compassion Act (SB 46). Dispensaries began operations in 2024.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. Possession of cannabis for recreational use remains a criminal offense.
Possession Limits
Medical patients may possess up to 70 daily doses (a 70-day supply) of medical cannabis products. Recreational possession of any amount is illegal.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation is illegal for both medical patients and recreational users.
Notes
Alabama's medical program does not allow smokable flower. Approved forms include tablets, capsules, oils, and topicals. Patients must have a qualifying condition and be registered with the state.
Alaska
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 1998 under Ballot Measure 8. Patients with qualifying conditions can register for medical access.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2014 under Ballot Measure 2. Alaska was among the first states to legalize recreational cannabis.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis. Up to 7 grams of concentrate is permitted.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 6 plants per person, with no more than 3 being mature. Maximum of 12 plants per household.
Notes
Public consumption is prohibited. On-site consumption at licensed retail locations is permitted in some areas. Local governments may prohibit commercial cannabis operations.
Arizona
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2010 under the Arizona Medical Marijuana Act (Proposition 203). Patients with qualifying conditions can obtain a registry identification card.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2020 under Proposition 207 (Smart and Safe Arizona Act). Retail sales began in January 2021.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis, with no more than 5 grams being concentrate. Medical patients may possess up to 2.5 ounces.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 6 plants per individual or 12 plants per household with two or more adults. Plants must be grown in an enclosed, locked area.
Notes
Public consumption is prohibited. Employers may still enforce drug-free workplace policies. Local jurisdictions cannot opt out of allowing licensed retail operations.
Arkansas
Legal Status
Medical cannabis is legal. Recreational cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2016 under the Arkansas Medical Marijuana Amendment (Issue 6). Licensed dispensaries operate throughout the state.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. A 2022 ballot measure to legalize recreational use was defeated by voters.
Possession Limits
Medical patients may possess up to 2.5 ounces of cannabis over a 14-day period. Recreational possession of any amount is illegal.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation is prohibited for both medical patients and the general public.
Notes
Arkansas has 18 qualifying conditions for medical cannabis. Patients must obtain a written certification from a licensed physician and register with the state. Smokable flower and other product forms are available.
California
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 1996 under the Compassionate Use Act (Proposition 215). Patients with a valid recommendation can access medical cannabis.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2016 under Proposition 64 (Adult Use of Marijuana Act). Adults 21+ may possess and use cannabis.
Possession Limits
Up to 28.5 grams of flower and up to 8 grams of concentrate for adults 21+. Medical patients may possess larger amounts as recommended.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 6 plants per residence for personal use. Plants must be grown in a locked space not visible from public areas.
Notes
Local jurisdictions may have additional restrictions on cannabis businesses and consumption. Public consumption remains prohibited. Driving under the influence is illegal.
Colorado
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2000 under Amendment 20. Registered patients with qualifying conditions can access medical cannabis.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2012 under Amendment 64. Colorado was one of the first states to legalize recreational cannabis.
Possession Limits
Colorado residents: up to 2 ounces. Non-residents: up to 1 ounce. Medical patients may possess up to 2 ounces.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may grow up to 6 plants per person, with a maximum of 12 plants per household. Only 3 plants may be flowering at a time per person.
Notes
Consumption is prohibited in public places and federal lands. Local governments may opt out of allowing retail sales. Open container laws apply to cannabis in vehicles.
Connecticut
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2012 under Public Act 12-55. The program has expanded over time to include additional qualifying conditions and product types.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2021 under Senate Bill 1201. Licensed retail sales began in January 2023.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 1.5 ounces on their person and up to 5 ounces in a locked container at home or in a vehicle's glove box or trunk.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 3 mature plants and 3 immature plants (6 total per person, 12 per household). Plants must be grown in a secure location not visible to the public.
Notes
Connecticut's law includes social equity provisions for communities disproportionately impacted by cannabis prohibition. Public consumption is prohibited except in designated areas. Employers may maintain drug-free workplace policies.
Delaware
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2011 under the Delaware Medical Marijuana Act. Patients with qualifying conditions can register and access cannabis through licensed compassion centers.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2023 under House Bill 1 (Delaware Marijuana Control Act). Adults 21+ may possess and use cannabis, though retail sales have not yet begun.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis. Medical patients may possess up to 6 ounces.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation remains illegal for both recreational users and medical patients.
Notes
While personal possession and use is legal, Delaware has not yet established a recreational retail market. Public consumption is prohibited. Use in vehicles (including as a passenger) is illegal.
Florida
Legal Status
Medical cannabis is legal. Recreational cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2016 under Amendment 2 (Florida Medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative). The program is administered by the Florida Department of Health.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. A 2024 ballot measure (Amendment 3) to legalize recreational use narrowly failed to reach the required 60% threshold.
Possession Limits
Medical patients may possess up to 2.5 ounces of smokable cannabis every 35 days. Total supply limits are set by the recommending physician. Recreational possession is illegal.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation is prohibited for both medical patients and the general public.
Notes
Florida has one of the largest medical cannabis programs in the U.S. by patient count. Products available include flower, edibles, concentrates, topicals, and more. Patients must have a qualifying condition and be registered in the Medical Marijuana Use Registry.
Georgia
Legal Status
Limited medical cannabis (low-THC oil only) is legal. Recreational cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2015 under Haleigh's Hope Act (HB 1). Expanded in 2019 under HB 324 to allow in-state production and distribution of low-THC oil.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. Possession of cannabis for recreational use remains a criminal offense with penalties varying by amount.
Possession Limits
Registered patients may possess up to 20 fluid ounces of low-THC oil (containing no more than 5% THC). No smokable flower is permitted.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation is illegal for all purposes.
Notes
Georgia's program is one of the most restrictive in the nation. Only low-THC oil is permitted, and sales through licensed dispensaries began in 2023. Qualifying conditions include cancer, seizure disorders, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and others.
Hawaii
Legal Status
Medical cannabis is legal. Recreational cannabis is decriminalized but not legal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2000 under Act 228 (Hawaii Medical Marijuana Act). Licensed dispensaries have been operating since 2017.
Recreational Marijuana
Decriminalized since 2020. Possession of 3 grams or less is a violation with a $130 fine and no criminal record. Larger amounts remain illegal.
Possession Limits
Medical patients may possess up to 4 ounces of usable cannabis. For non-patients, possession of over 3 grams is a criminal offense.
Home Grow
Medical patients may cultivate up to 10 plants per patient. Home cultivation by non-patients is prohibited.
Notes
Hawaii has debated recreational legalization in recent legislative sessions but has not yet passed such a law. The medical program allows for a wide range of qualifying conditions. Out-of-state medical patients can apply for temporary registration to purchase while visiting.
Idaho
Legal Status
Cannabis is fully illegal. Idaho has some of the strictest cannabis laws in the nation.
Medical Marijuana
Illegal. Idaho does not have a medical cannabis program. CBD products must contain 0% THC to be legal.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. Possession of any amount of cannabis is a criminal offense in Idaho.
Possession Limits
Possession of less than 3 ounces is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 1 year in jail and a $1,000 fine. Possession of 3 ounces or more is a felony.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Cultivation of any amount of cannabis is a felony in Idaho.
Notes
Idaho amended its constitution in 2022 to require a two-thirds legislative supermajority to legalize any Schedule I controlled substance, making future legalization particularly difficult. Despite bordering several legal states, Idaho maintains strict prohibition.
Illinois
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2013 under the Compassionate Use of Medical Cannabis Program Act. The program has expanded to include additional qualifying conditions.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2020 under the Cannabis Regulation and Tax Act. Illinois was the first state to legalize recreational cannabis through the legislature rather than a ballot initiative.
Possession Limits
Illinois residents: up to 30 grams of flower, 5 grams of concentrate, and 500mg of THC in infused products. Non-residents: half those amounts. Medical patients may possess higher amounts.
Home Grow
Only medical patients may grow at home: up to 5 plants per household. Recreational home cultivation is prohibited.
Notes
Illinois' law includes significant social equity provisions, with licenses prioritized for applicants from communities disproportionately impacted by cannabis prohibition. Public consumption is prohibited. Cannabis cannot be consumed in motor vehicles.
Indiana
Legal Status
Cannabis is illegal for both medical and recreational use.
Medical Marijuana
Illegal. Indiana does not have a medical cannabis program. Only CBD products derived from hemp with less than 0.3% THC are permitted.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. Possession of any amount of cannabis is a criminal offense in Indiana.
Possession Limits
Possession of less than 30 grams is a Class B misdemeanor (up to 180 days jail, $1,000 fine). Prior offenses or possession with intent to sell increases penalties.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Cultivation of any cannabis plants is a felony.
Notes
Indiana has considered but not passed medical cannabis legislation in recent years. The state borders Illinois and Michigan, both of which have fully legal recreational markets. Hemp-derived CBD products are legal under state law following the 2018 Farm Bill.
Iowa
Legal Status
Limited medical cannabis (low-THC products only) is legal. Recreational cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2014 under Senate File 2360, expanded in 2017 and 2020. The Iowa Medical Cannabidiol Program allows registered patients to access low-THC products.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. Possession of any amount of cannabis for recreational use is a criminal offense.
Possession Limits
Medical patients may possess up to 4.5 grams of THC in a 90-day period. Smokable flower is not permitted. Recreational possession of any amount is illegal.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation is prohibited for all purposes.
Notes
Iowa's medical program is among the most restrictive in the country. Products are limited to capsules, tinctures, topicals, vape cartridges, and suppositories. Patients must have one of the qualifying conditions and obtain certification from a licensed healthcare practitioner.
Kansas
Legal Status
Cannabis is fully illegal. Kansas has no medical or recreational cannabis program.
Medical Marijuana
Illegal. Kansas does not have a medical cannabis program. Only CBD products with 0% THC derived from hemp are legal.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. Possession of any amount of cannabis is a criminal offense in Kansas.
Possession Limits
First-time possession of any amount is a Class B misdemeanor (up to 6 months jail, $1,000 fine). Subsequent offenses are Class A misdemeanors. Sale of any amount is a felony.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Cultivation of any cannabis plants is a felony offense.
Notes
Kansas has considered but not passed medical cannabis legislation. The state borders Colorado, which has a fully legal market, leading to concerns about cross-border transport. Hemp-derived CBD with 0% THC is legal following federal legalization.
Kentucky
Legal Status
Medical cannabis is legal (effective 2025). Recreational cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2023 under Senate Bill 47 (Kentucky Medical Cannabis Program). The program is scheduled to begin dispensary sales on January 1, 2025.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. Possession of cannabis for recreational use remains a criminal offense.
Possession Limits
Medical patients will be able to possess a 10-day supply of cannabis products. Smokable flower is not permitted in the first year of the program. Recreational possession of less than 8 ounces is a Class B misdemeanor.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation is prohibited for both medical patients and the general public.
Notes
Kentucky's medical program includes 21 qualifying conditions including cancer, chronic pain, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and PTSD. The state has a long history with hemp cultivation and is a major CBD producer. The program is expected to be fully operational by 2025.
Louisiana
Legal Status
Medical cannabis is legal. Recreational cannabis is decriminalized in small amounts but not legal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2015 under Act 261 (Alison Neustrom Act). Louisiana was the first Deep South state to legalize medical cannabis. The program expanded significantly in 2022 to allow smokable flower.
Recreational Marijuana
Decriminalized since 2021. Possession of 14 grams or less is a civil violation with a $100 fine and no jail time. Larger amounts remain criminal offenses.
Possession Limits
Medical patients may possess up to 2.5 ounces of cannabis flower per 14 days, plus other product forms as recommended. For non-patients, possession over 14 grams is a criminal offense.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation is prohibited for both medical patients and the general public.
Notes
Louisiana's medical cannabis is produced exclusively by LSU and Southern University through licensed partners. The state has no THC cap. Qualifying conditions include cancer, HIV/AIDS, seizure disorders, Crohn's disease, muscular dystrophy, PTSD, and chronic pain, among others.
Maine
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 1999 under the Maine Medical Marijuana Act (Question 2). Maine has one of the oldest medical cannabis programs in the country with a robust caregiver system.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2016 under Question 1 (Marijuana Legalization Act). Licensed retail sales began in October 2020 after regulatory delays.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 2.5 ounces of cannabis, 5 grams of concentrate, and unlimited cannabis products within their residence. Medical patients may possess up to 2.5 ounces per a two-week period from dispensaries.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 3 mature plants, 12 immature plants, and unlimited seedlings. Medical patients and caregivers may grow additional plants based on the number of patients served.
Notes
Maine's cannabis market includes both adult-use retail and a parallel medical caregiver system that predates legalization. Social consumption clubs are permitted in some municipalities. Public consumption is prohibited. Cannabis cannot be transported across state lines.
Maryland
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2014 under the Natalie M. LaPrade Medical Cannabis Commission. Licensed dispensaries began operations in 2017.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2023 under Question 4 (passed by voters in 2022). Adults 21+ may purchase cannabis from licensed dispensaries.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 1.5 ounces of cannabis flower, 12 grams of concentrate, and cannabis products containing up to 750mg of THC. Possessing 1.5 to 2.5 ounces is a civil offense.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 2 plants per person, with a maximum of 4 plants per household. Plants must be grown in an enclosed, locked space and not visible from public areas.
Notes
Maryland's legalization included automatic expungement for many past cannabis convictions. Public consumption is prohibited and subject to civil fines. The state has established social equity provisions to support communities disproportionately affected by cannabis prohibition.
Massachusetts
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2012 under Question 3 (Massachusetts Medical Marijuana Initiative). The program established a network of Registered Marijuana Dispensaries (RMDs) across the state.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2016 under Question 4 (Massachusetts Marijuana Legalization Initiative). Massachusetts was the first East Coast state to open recreational retail sales in 2018.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis in public and up to 10 ounces at home. Concentrate limits are 5 grams in public. Medical patients may possess a 60-day supply.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 6 plants per person, with a maximum of 12 plants per household. Plants must be grown in a secure, enclosed area not visible from public view.
Notes
Massachusetts has established social equity programs to support communities disproportionately impacted by cannabis prohibition. Social consumption sites are permitted. Public consumption is prohibited except in licensed consumption areas. Employers may still enforce drug-free workplace policies.
Michigan
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2008 under Proposal 1 (Michigan Medical Marihuana Act). Michigan was the first Midwestern state to legalize medical cannabis.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2018 under Proposal 1 (Michigan Regulation and Taxation of Marihuana Act). Licensed retail sales began in December 2019.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 2.5 ounces of cannabis in public and up to 10 ounces at home. Up to 15 grams of concentrate is permitted. Medical patients may possess up to 2.5 ounces of usable cannabis.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 12 plants per household for personal use. Medical patients may also grow up to 12 plants. Plants must be kept in an enclosed, locked facility.
Notes
Michigan has one of the largest legal cannabis markets in the United States. Local municipalities may opt out of allowing retail establishments. Cannabis consumption lounges are permitted in some areas. Public consumption outside licensed areas is prohibited. Cannabis cannot be consumed while driving or in a moving vehicle.
Minnesota
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2014 under the Minnesota Medical Cannabis Act. The program initially had strict limitations but has expanded over time to include flower and additional qualifying conditions.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2023 under HF 100 (Minnesota Cannabis Law). Minnesota became the 23rd state to legalize recreational cannabis. Licensed retail sales are expected to begin in early 2025.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 2 ounces of cannabis flower in public and up to 2 pounds at home. Concentrate limits are 8 grams in public. Edibles containing up to 800mg of THC are permitted.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 8 plants per household, with no more than 4 being mature flowering plants. Plants must be grown in a private area not visible from public spaces.
Notes
Minnesota's legalization law includes significant social equity provisions, including expungement of prior cannabis convictions. The Office of Cannabis Management oversees the regulatory framework. Cannabis consumption is prohibited in public places, vehicles, and federal lands. Lower-potency hemp edibles were legalized in 2022 prior to full legalization.
Mississippi
Legal Status
Medical cannabis is legal. Recreational cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2022 under Senate Bill 2095 (Mississippi Medical Cannabis Act). This followed a 2020 voter initiative (Initiative 65) that was invalidated by the state Supreme Court. The legislature passed its own medical program in 2022.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. Possession of cannabis for recreational use remains a criminal offense with penalties varying by amount and prior offenses.
Possession Limits
Medical patients may purchase up to 3 ounces of cannabis per month (or 3.5 grams of THC in other product forms). Patients with certain debilitating conditions may be authorized for up to 6 ounces monthly. Recreational possession of 30 grams or less is a misdemeanor.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation is prohibited for both medical patients and the general public.
Notes
Mississippi's medical program includes over 20 qualifying conditions including cancer, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, HIV/AIDS, PTSD, chronic pain, and sickle cell disease. The state has licensed dispensaries, cultivators, and processors. Products include flower, oils, edibles, topicals, and more. Patients must obtain certification from a licensed practitioner and register with the Mississippi State Department of Health.
Missouri
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2018 under Amendment 2 (Missouri Medical Marijuana Amendment). Licensed dispensaries began operations in 2020.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2022 under Amendment 3 (Missouri Marijuana Legalization Initiative). Missouri became the first state in the Midwest to legalize recreational cannabis by ballot measure. Retail sales began in February 2023.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 3 ounces of cannabis flower. Medical patients may possess up to a 60-day supply (up to 6 ounces of dried flower). The state also sets limits for concentrates and infused products.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 6 flowering plants, 6 non-flowering plants, and 6 clones per person. Medical patients may grow up to 6 flowering plants if they obtain a cultivation license. Plants must be grown in an enclosed, locked facility.
Notes
Missouri's Amendment 3 included automatic expungement of prior cannabis offenses for possession of up to 3 pounds. The state has a robust licensing system for cultivators, manufacturers, and dispensaries. Public consumption is prohibited. Local governments may not prohibit personal use or possession but may regulate business operations. Micro-licenses are available to promote small business participation.
Montana
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2004 under Initiative 148 (Montana Medical Marijuana Act). The program has undergone various regulatory changes over the years and is now administered by the Montana Department of Revenue.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2021 under Initiative 190 (Montana Marijuana Legalization Initiative), passed by voters in November 2020. Licensed adult-use sales began on January 1, 2022.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis flower and 8 grams of concentrate in public. At home, adults may possess the harvest from their home-grown plants. Medical patients may possess up to 1 ounce of usable cannabis.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 2 mature plants and 2 seedlings per person. Medical patients may grow up to 4 mature plants and 4 seedlings. Plants must be grown in an area that is secure and not visible from public view.
Notes
Montana's cannabis market operates in a county-by-county system where local jurisdictions can opt out of allowing retail sales. Counties that voted against I-190 may prohibit adult-use sales. A 20% tax is applied to recreational sales, with revenue directed toward conservation, veterans' services, substance abuse treatment, and the general fund. Public consumption is prohibited. Cannabis cannot be transported across state lines.
Nebraska
Legal Status
Medical cannabis is legal (effective 2025). Recreational cannabis is decriminalized in small amounts but not legal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2024 under Initiative 437 and Initiative 438, approved by voters in November 2024. The Nebraska Medical Cannabis Commission will regulate the program, with operations expected to begin in 2025.
Recreational Marijuana
Decriminalized. First-time possession of 1 ounce or less is an infraction with a $300 fine and no jail time. Subsequent offenses and larger amounts carry increased penalties.
Possession Limits
Medical patients will be able to possess up to 5 ounces of cannabis. For non-patients, possession of 1 ounce or less is decriminalized; possession of more than 1 ounce remains a criminal offense.
Home Grow
Not permitted under the medical program. Home cultivation remains illegal for both medical patients and the general public.
Notes
Nebraska voters passed two ballot initiatives in 2024 to establish a medical cannabis program after years of failed legislative efforts. The state borders Colorado, which has legal recreational cannabis. Qualifying conditions will include cancer, epilepsy, PTSD, chronic pain, and other serious medical conditions. The program is expected to be operational by late 2025.
Nevada
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2000 under Question 9 (Nevada Medical Marijuana Act). The state established a dispensary system in 2015 before recreational legalization.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2017 under Question 2 (Nevada Marijuana Legalization Initiative), passed by voters in November 2016. Nevada was one of the first states to launch recreational sales (July 2017).
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis flower or 1/8 ounce (3.5 grams) of concentrate. Medical patients may possess up to 2.5 ounces of usable cannabis per 14-day period.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 6 plants per person, with a maximum of 12 plants per household, but only if they reside more than 25 miles from a licensed dispensary. Medical patients may grow at home regardless of distance from dispensaries.
Notes
Nevada's cannabis market is one of the largest in the nation, driven significantly by tourism in Las Vegas. Cannabis consumption lounges are permitted and have begun operating in Las Vegas. Public consumption outside licensed areas remains prohibited. Nevada was the first state to put cannabis sales under the control of its existing alcohol regulatory agency. A portion of cannabis tax revenue funds education.
New Hampshire
Legal Status
Medical cannabis is legal. Recreational cannabis is decriminalized but not legal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2013 under HB 573 (Use of Cannabis for Therapeutic Purposes). The state established Alternative Treatment Centers (ATCs) to serve registered patients.
Recreational Marijuana
Decriminalized since 2017. Possession of up to 3/4 ounce (21 grams) is a civil violation with a $100 fine for first offense (escalating for repeat offenses). New Hampshire remains the only New England state without legal recreational cannabis.
Possession Limits
Medical patients may possess up to 2 ounces of cannabis in a 10-day period. For non-patients, possession of 3/4 ounce or less is decriminalized; larger amounts are criminal offenses.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation is illegal for both medical patients and the general public.
Notes
New Hampshire has considered but not passed recreational legalization legislation despite being surrounded by legal states (Maine, Massachusetts, Vermont). The medical program serves patients with qualifying conditions including cancer, chronic pain, HIV/AIDS, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, and PTSD. The state operates a limited number of Alternative Treatment Centers. Recent legislative efforts have focused on establishing a state-run retail model similar to the state liquor store system.
New Jersey
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2010 under the New Jersey Compassionate Use Medical Marijuana Act. The program has expanded significantly over the years to include additional qualifying conditions and product types.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2021 under Public Question 1, approved by voters in November 2020. The Cannabis Regulatory, Enforcement Assistance, and Marketplace Modernization Act (CREAMMA) established the regulatory framework. Licensed retail sales began in April 2022.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 6 ounces of cannabis flower. No criminal or civil penalties for possession within this limit. Medical patients may possess up to 3 ounces per month (with possible increase to 4 ounces with physician authorization).
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation is prohibited for both recreational users and medical patients. Legislative efforts to allow home grow have been introduced but not passed.
Notes
New Jersey's cannabis market has become one of the largest on the East Coast. The state Cannabis Regulatory Commission oversees both medical and adult-use programs. Social equity provisions include prioritized licensing for applicants from economically disadvantaged areas and communities disproportionately affected by cannabis prohibition. Public consumption is prohibited. Municipalities may opt out of allowing cannabis businesses but cannot prohibit possession or personal use. The state allows cannabis delivery services.
New Mexico
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2007 under the Lynn and Erin Compassionate Use Act. New Mexico was one of the first states to establish a comprehensive medical cannabis program with state-licensed producers.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2021 under the Cannabis Regulation Act (HB 2), signed into law in April 2021. Licensed retail sales began on April 1, 2022.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 2 ounces of cannabis flower, 16 grams of cannabis extract, and 800mg of THC in edible form. Medical patients may possess up to 425 units (approximately 12 ounces) per 90-day period.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 6 mature plants and 6 immature plants per person, with a maximum of 12 mature and 12 immature plants per household. Plants must be grown in a locked, enclosed space not visible from public view.
Notes
New Mexico has established a Cannabis Control Division within the Regulation and Licensing Department to oversee the adult-use market. The state's law includes automatic expungement of prior cannabis convictions for conduct now legal. No local government may prohibit the personal use, possession, or home cultivation of cannabis by adults 21+, though municipalities can regulate or prohibit cannabis businesses. Public consumption is prohibited except in licensed consumption areas. The state permits cannabis lounges and on-site consumption at licensed retailers.
North Carolina
Legal Status
Medical cannabis (limited) is legal. Recreational cannabis is decriminalized in small amounts but not legal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2014 for limited use under HB 1220 (Epilepsy Alternative Treatment Act), which allowed CBD oil with less than 0.9% THC for intractable epilepsy. A broader medical program was passed in 2023 under SB 711 (NC Compassionate Care Act) but implementation is ongoing.
Recreational Marijuana
Decriminalized in small amounts. Possession of up to 0.5 ounce is a Class 3 misdemeanor with no jail time (maximum $200 fine). Possession of 0.5 to 1.5 ounces is a Class 1 misdemeanor. Larger amounts carry increased penalties.
Possession Limits
Under the 2023 medical law, patients will be able to purchase limited amounts from licensed dispensaries once the program becomes operational. For non-patients, possession of any amount remains illegal, though small amounts are decriminalized.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation is illegal for both medical patients and the general public under current law.
Notes
North Carolina's Compassionate Care Act (SB 711), passed in 2023, establishes a medical cannabis program for patients with qualifying conditions including cancer, epilepsy, HIV/AIDS, PTSD, Crohn's disease, ALS, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and terminal illness. The law allows for the licensing of suppliers, processors, and dispensaries. Smokable flower will be permitted. The program is expected to become operational once regulations are finalized and licenses are issued. Hemp-derived CBD products with less than 0.3% THC are legal under state and federal law.
New York
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2014 under the Compassionate Care Act. The program has expanded to include additional qualifying conditions and product types.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2021 under the Marijuana Regulation and Taxation Act (MRTA). Licensed retail sales began in 2022.
Possession Limits
Up to 3 ounces of flower and up to 24 grams of concentrate for adults 21+.
Home Grow
Home cultivation will be permitted once regulations are finalized. Medical patients will be allowed up to 6 plants (3 mature, 3 immature). Adults 21+ will also be permitted to grow under similar limits.
Notes
Public consumption rules align with tobacco smoking laws. Localities may opt out of retail dispensaries or on-site consumption lounges but cannot prohibit personal possession or use.
North Dakota
Legal Status
Medical cannabis is legal. Recreational cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2016 under Initiated Statutory Measure 5 (North Dakota Compassionate Care Act), approved by voters in November 2016. Licensed dispensaries began operating in 2019.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. A ballot measure to legalize recreational cannabis (Measure 3) failed in 2018 with only 41% support. A subsequent 2022 initiative (Measure 2) also failed with approximately 45% support.
Possession Limits
Medical patients may possess up to 3 ounces of dried cannabis flower in a 30-day period. For non-patients, possession of up to 0.5 ounce is an infraction with a $1,000 fine; larger amounts carry criminal penalties.
Home Grow
Medical patients may cultivate up to 8 plants (4 mature and 4 immature) if they live more than 40 miles from a dispensary. Recreational home cultivation is prohibited.
Notes
North Dakota's medical program includes qualifying conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, ALS, PTSD, Crohn's disease, epilepsy, and chronic or debilitating diseases. The North Dakota Department of Health oversees the program. Products available include flower, edibles, concentrates, topicals, and tinctures. The state has a limited number of licensed dispensaries and manufacturing facilities. Smokable flower was initially prohibited but has since been permitted.
Ohio
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2016 under House Bill 523 (Ohio Medical Marijuana Control Program). Licensed dispensaries began operations in 2019.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2023 under Issue 2 (Ohio Marijuana Legalization Initiative), approved by voters in November 2023. Adults 21+ may possess and use cannabis, though the regulatory framework for retail sales is being established.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 2.5 ounces of cannabis flower and up to 15 grams of cannabis extract. Adults may also store up to 15 grams of extract and the equivalent of 2.5 ounces of cannabis at home.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 6 plants per person, with a maximum of 12 plants per household. Plants must be kept in a secure location not visible from public view.
Notes
Ohio's Issue 2 created the Division of Cannabis Control within the Department of Commerce to regulate adult-use cannabis. The law includes provisions for social equity applicants and expungement of certain prior cannabis convictions. Licensed retail sales through existing medical dispensaries and new adult-use retailers are expected as the regulatory framework develops. Public consumption is prohibited. Municipalities may prohibit cannabis businesses but cannot prohibit personal possession, use, or home cultivation. A 10% excise tax applies to adult-use sales, with revenue supporting social equity programs, local governments, and addiction services.
Oklahoma
Legal Status
Medical cannabis is legal. Recreational cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2018 under State Question 788 (Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative), approved by voters in June 2018. Oklahoma's program is one of the most open in the nation, with no list of qualifying conditions.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. A 2023 ballot measure (State Question 820) to legalize recreational cannabis was defeated with approximately 38% support.
Possession Limits
Medical patients may possess up to 3 ounces of cannabis on their person, 8 ounces at home, 1 ounce of concentrate, 72 ounces of edibles, and 6 mature plants. Non-patient possession of up to 1.5 ounces is a misdemeanor.
Home Grow
Medical patients may cultivate up to 6 mature plants and 6 seedlings per household. Non-patients may not legally grow cannabis.
Notes
Oklahoma has one of the largest and most accessible medical cannabis programs in the United States. Unlike most states, Oklahoma does not have a list of qualifying conditions; a licensed physician simply needs to recommend cannabis for any condition they deem appropriate. This has resulted in a very high patient enrollment rate. The state has licensed thousands of dispensaries, cultivators, and processors, creating a highly competitive market. The Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority (OMMA) oversees the program. Temporary licenses are available for out-of-state medical patients. Despite the robust medical program, recreational legalization efforts have not succeeded.
Oregon
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 1998 under the Oregon Medical Marijuana Act (Measure 67). Oregon was one of the earliest states to establish a medical cannabis program, administered by the Oregon Health Authority.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2014 under Measure 91 (Oregon Legalized Marijuana Initiative). Licensed retail sales began in October 2015. Oregon was among the first states to legalize recreational cannabis.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis flower in public and up to 8 ounces at home. Concentrate limits are 5 grams in public and 72 ounces of edibles at home. Medical patients may possess up to 24 ounces of usable cannabis.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 4 plants per household. Medical patients may grow up to 6 mature plants and 18 immature plants. Plants must be kept in a secure area not visible from public view.
Notes
Oregon's cannabis market is regulated by the Oregon Liquor and Cannabis Commission (OLCC). The state has decriminalized possession of small amounts of all drugs under Measure 110 (2020). Oregon was the first state to decriminalize psilocybin for therapeutic use. Public consumption is prohibited except in licensed consumption lounges (where permitted by local ordinance). The state has no residency requirement for purchasing cannabis. Oregon's market is known for competitive pricing due to oversupply and a large number of licensed producers.
Pennsylvania
Legal Status
Medical cannabis is legal. Recreational cannabis is illegal but decriminalized in some cities.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2016 under the Medical Marijuana Act (Act 16). The Pennsylvania Department of Health oversees the program, which has grown to become one of the largest in the nation by patient enrollment.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal statewide. However, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and several other cities have decriminalized possession of small amounts, making it a civil violation with a fine rather than a criminal offense.
Possession Limits
Medical patients may possess a 30-day supply of cannabis as determined by their certifying physician. For non-patients, possession of 30 grams or less is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 30 days in jail and a $500 fine; larger amounts carry increased penalties.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation is prohibited for both medical patients and the general public.
Notes
Pennsylvania's medical program includes 24 qualifying conditions such as cancer, epilepsy, PTSD, chronic pain, anxiety disorders, and opioid use disorder. The state initially prohibited smokable flower but legalized it in 2018. Products available include flower, concentrates, tinctures, topicals, pills, and vaporizable products. The state has over 170 dispensary locations. Dry leaf cannabis for vaporization is permitted, but smoking cannabis remains technically prohibited under state law (though flower can be vaporized). Governor Josh Shapiro has expressed support for recreational legalization, and legislative efforts are ongoing.
Rhode Island
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2006 under the Edward O. Hawkins and Thomas C. Slater Medical Marijuana Act. Rhode Island was one of the first states in New England to establish a medical cannabis program.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2022 under the Rhode Island Cannabis Act, signed into law in May 2022. Licensed retail sales began on December 1, 2022. Rhode Island was the 19th state to legalize recreational cannabis.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis flower in public and up to 10 ounces at home. Medical patients may possess up to 2.5 ounces of usable cannabis.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 6 plants per person (3 mature and 3 immature), with a maximum of 12 plants per household. Medical patients may also grow up to 12 mature plants and 12 seedlings. Plants must be grown in an enclosed, locked area not visible from public view.
Notes
Rhode Island's cannabis program is overseen by the Cannabis Control Commission. The state's legalization law includes social equity provisions to support communities disproportionately impacted by cannabis prohibition, including priority licensing for social equity applicants and automatic expungement of prior cannabis convictions. Public consumption is prohibited. Municipalities may opt out of allowing cannabis retail establishments but cannot prohibit personal possession or use. A 10% retail excise tax applies in addition to state sales tax, with revenue supporting education, public safety, and substance abuse treatment programs. Cannabis delivery services are permitted under the law.
South Carolina
Legal Status
Limited medical cannabis (CBD oil only) is legal. Recreational cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Limited legal access since 2014 under Julian's Law (S. 1035), which allows CBD oil with less than 0.9% THC for severe forms of epilepsy. A broader medical cannabis bill (S. 150, South Carolina Compassionate Care Act) has been debated in the legislature but not yet passed.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. Possession of cannabis for recreational use is a criminal offense. First-time possession of 1 ounce or less is a misdemeanor with up to 30 days in jail.
Possession Limits
Only patients with severe epilepsy may possess CBD oil under Julian's Law. For all others, possession of any amount of THC cannabis is illegal. Possession of 1 ounce or less is a misdemeanor; larger amounts carry increased penalties.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation of cannabis is a felony offense in South Carolina.
Notes
South Carolina has one of the most restrictive cannabis laws in the nation. Julian's Law provides a limited defense for patients with severe epilepsy who possess CBD oil obtained from another state. The South Carolina Compassionate Care Act, which would establish a broader medical cannabis program, has passed the state Senate multiple times but has stalled in the House. Hemp-derived CBD products with less than 0.3% THC are legal under federal and state law. Hash and concentrates carry significantly higher penalties than flower.
South Dakota
Legal Status
Medical cannabis is legal. Recreational cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2020 under Initiated Measure 26 (South Dakota Medical Marijuana Initiative), approved by voters in November 2020. The South Dakota Department of Health oversees the program, with licensed dispensaries operating since 2022.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. Amendment A, which would have legalized recreational cannabis, was approved by voters in 2020 but struck down by the South Dakota Supreme Court in 2021. A subsequent ballot measure (Measure 27) failed in 2022 with approximately 47% support.
Possession Limits
Medical patients may possess up to 3 ounces of cannabis. For non-patients, possession of up to 2 ounces is a Class 1 misdemeanor (up to 1 year in jail, $2,000 fine). Possession of 2 ounces to 0.5 pound is a Class 6 felony.
Home Grow
Medical patients may cultivate up to 3 plants if they live more than 50 miles from a licensed dispensary. Non-patient cultivation is a felony.
Notes
South Dakota's medical program includes qualifying conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, ALS, Crohn's disease, Alzheimer's disease, chronic pain, PTSD, and cachexia. The state has licensed dispensaries, cultivators, and manufacturers. Products available include flower, edibles, concentrates, topicals, and tinctures. Patients must obtain certification from a licensed practitioner and register with the state. Despite voters approving recreational legalization in 2020, the measure was invalidated due to procedural issues, and subsequent efforts have not succeeded. The state imposes strict penalties for non-medical cannabis possession.
Tennessee
Legal Status
Limited medical cannabis (CBD oil only) is legal. Recreational cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Limited legal access since 2014 under the Safe Access to Medical Cannabis Act, which allows possession of CBD oil with less than 0.9% THC for intractable seizures. Tennessee does not have a comprehensive medical cannabis program.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. However, possession of 0.5 ounce or less was decriminalized in Nashville and Memphis in 2016, making it a civil violation with a $50 fine or community service (local ordinances).
Possession Limits
Only patients with intractable seizures may possess CBD oil. For all others, possession of 0.5 ounce or less is a Class A misdemeanor (up to 11 months 29 days in jail, $2,500 fine). Possession of more than 0.5 ounce carries felony charges.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Cultivation of any cannabis plants is a felony in Tennessee, with penalties based on the number of plants.
Notes
Tennessee has considered but not passed comprehensive medical cannabis legislation. The state's current law only provides an affirmative defense for patients with intractable seizures who possess CBD oil from a legal source. There is no state-regulated dispensary system. Hemp-derived CBD products with less than 0.3% THC are legal under federal and state law. Several Tennessee cities including Nashville, Memphis, and Knoxville have local decriminalization ordinances, but these vary in their application and enforcement. The sale of cannabis remains a felony statewide. Legislative efforts for broader medical or recreational legalization have faced significant opposition.
Texas
Legal Status
Limited medical cannabis (low-THC) is legal under the Compassionate Use Program. Recreational cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Limited access since 2015 under the Compassionate Use Act (HB 3703). The program was expanded in 2019 and 2021 to include more qualifying conditions and increase THC limits. Products must contain no more than 1% THC (increased from 0.5% in 2021).
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. Texas maintains strict criminal penalties for recreational cannabis possession, though some cities have local decriminalization policies.
Possession Limits
Medical patients in the Compassionate Use Registry may possess low-THC cannabis as prescribed. For recreational use, possession of 2 ounces or less is a Class B misdemeanor (up to 180 days jail, $2,000 fine). Larger amounts carry felony charges.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Cultivation of any cannabis plants is a felony in Texas, regardless of the amount.
Notes
Texas has one of the most restrictive medical cannabis programs in the country. The Compassionate Use Program requires patients to have qualifying conditions including epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, spasticity, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), autism, terminal cancer, and PTSD. There are only a limited number of licensed dispensaries statewide. Some cities including Austin, Dallas, San Antonio, and Houston have enacted cite-and-release or decriminalization policies for small amounts, but these vary widely. Delta-8 THC products derived from hemp were legally sold until recent regulatory restrictions. Concentrate possession (hash oil, etc.) of any amount is a felony.
Utah
Legal Status
Medical cannabis is legal. Recreational cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2018 under Proposition 2 (Utah Medical Cannabis Act), which was replaced by the Utah Legislature with HB 3001 shortly after passage. The program launched with dispensaries opening in 2020.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. Utah has not pursued recreational legalization, and possession for non-medical purposes remains a criminal offense.
Possession Limits
Medical cardholders may possess up to 113 grams of unprocessed cannabis flower or 20 grams of total composite THC in processed forms. For recreational users, possession of under 1 ounce is a Class B misdemeanor; 1-16 ounces is a Class A misdemeanor.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation is illegal for both medical patients and recreational users in Utah.
Notes
Utah's medical cannabis program is administered by the Utah Department of Health and Human Services. Patients must obtain a medical cannabis card after receiving a recommendation from a qualified medical provider. Qualifying conditions include HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, ALS, cancer, Crohn's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, PTSD, chronic pain, and others. Smokable flower was initially prohibited but is now available. The state operates a "central fill" pharmacy model for distribution. All cannabis must be purchased from state-licensed pharmacies. Public consumption is prohibited, and use in vehicles is illegal. Utah has reciprocity provisions allowing visiting patients from other states limited access under certain conditions.
Vermont
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2004 under Act 135. Vermont was among the earlier states to establish a medical cannabis program, with registered patients able to access cannabis from licensed dispensaries.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2018 under Act 86, making Vermont the first state to legalize recreational cannabis through its legislature (rather than ballot initiative). Retail sales began in October 2022 under the Cannabis Control Board.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis flower, 5 grams of concentrate, or cannabis-infused products containing up to 500mg of THC in public. Higher amounts are permitted at home.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 2 mature plants and 4 immature plants per household. Plants must be grown in an enclosed, secure location not visible from public areas.
Notes
Vermont's Cannabis Control Board oversees both the medical and adult-use programs. The state emphasized social equity provisions in its legalization framework, including priority licensing for communities disproportionately impacted by cannabis prohibition. Local municipalities may opt out of hosting retail establishments through a local vote. Public consumption is prohibited except in designated areas. Vermont does not allow on-site consumption at dispensaries. Medical patients benefit from reduced taxes compared to recreational purchases. The state borders several other legal states (Massachusetts, New York) and Canada, creating a regional market. Vermont prioritizes small-scale, craft cannabis cultivation in its licensing approach.
Virginia
Legal Status
Legal for adults 21+. Medical cannabis is legal. Retail sales for adult-use are pending legislative action.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2018 under the Pharmaceutical Processor Permit program. Virginia Health Services regulates medical cannabis, with patients obtaining written certifications from registered practitioners for qualifying conditions including cancer, epilepsy, HIV/AIDS, PTSD, and chronic pain.
Recreational Marijuana
Personal possession and home cultivation became legal on July 1, 2021. Virginia was the first Southern state to legalize adult-use cannabis. However, retail sales have not yet begun as the legislature continues to work on establishing the commercial market framework.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce (28 grams) of cannabis in public. Possession of more than 1 ounce but less than 1 pound is a civil penalty of $25. Medical patients may possess up to a 90-day supply.
Home Grow
Adults 21+ may cultivate up to 4 plants per household (not per person). Plants must be tagged with the grower's name, driver's license number, and a notation that cultivation is for personal use. Plants must be kept out of public view and away from minors.
Notes
Virginia's cannabis legalization included automatic expungement of certain past cannabis convictions, affecting hundreds of thousands of records. The Virginia Cannabis Control Authority (CCA) was established to oversee the adult-use market. While personal possession is legal, there is currently no legal way for adults to purchase cannabis without a medical card since retail sales haven't started. Medical dispensaries operate statewide but cannot sell to non-patients. Public consumption remains illegal, and cannabis cannot be consumed in any motor vehicle. Virginia prohibits driving under the influence of cannabis. The state's approach to legalization emphasized social equity, with provisions for communities disproportionately affected by cannabis prohibition. Gifting up to 1 ounce is permitted between adults 21+, but gifting in exchange for money or other consideration is illegal.
Washington
Legal Status
Fully legal for adults 21 and older.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 1998 under Initiative 692, making Washington one of the earliest states to establish a medical cannabis program. The medical market was integrated into the recreational system in 2016, with registered patients receiving additional protections and tax exemptions.
Recreational Marijuana
Legal since 2012 under Initiative 502, making Washington one of the first two U.S. states (along with Colorado) to legalize recreational cannabis. Licensed retail sales began in July 2014. The Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board (LCB) regulates the industry.
Possession Limits
Adults 21+ may possess up to 1 ounce of usable cannabis, 16 ounces of cannabis-infused products in solid form, 72 ounces in liquid form, or 7 grams of concentrate. Medical patients can possess up to 3 ounces of usable cannabis.
Home Grow
Home cultivation is only permitted for registered medical patients, who may grow up to 6 plants (15 if their health care provider determines additional plants are necessary). Recreational consumers are not permitted to grow cannabis at home.
Notes
Washington pioneered cannabis legalization and has one of the most mature legal markets in the United States. The state has generated billions in cannabis tax revenue since legalization. Washington uses a 37% excise tax on retail cannabis sales (reduced from the original three-tier 25% tax system). Medical patients with recognition cards are exempt from retail sales tax. Public consumption is illegal with fines up to $100. Washington does not allow cannabis consumption lounges or on-site consumption at dispensaries. The state has strict packaging and labeling requirements. DUI laws apply to cannabis impairment. Cannabis cannot be taken across state lines, even to neighboring Oregon where it's also legal. Washington was among the first states to implement social equity provisions, though critics argue these could be strengthened. The state has seen significant market maturation with pricing stabilization over the years.
West Virginia
Legal Status
Medical cannabis is legal. Recreational cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Legal since 2017 under the West Virginia Medical Cannabis Act (SB 386). The program launched in 2019 with patient registration, and dispensaries began serving patients in 2021. The Bureau for Public Health oversees the program.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. Possession of cannabis for recreational purposes remains a criminal offense, with penalties varying based on the amount possessed and prior offenses.
Possession Limits
Registered patients may possess up to a 30-day supply of medical cannabis. The specific amounts depend on the form of cannabis (flower, concentrates, edibles, etc.) and physician recommendations. Recreational possession of any amount is illegal.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation is illegal for both medical patients and the general public in West Virginia.
Notes
West Virginia's medical cannabis program has qualifying conditions including cancer, HIV/AIDS, Crohn's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, PTSD, intractable seizures, and severe chronic pain. The state does not permit smoking of cannabis flower; approved forms include pills, oils, topicals, tinctures, liquid, dermal patches, and dry leaf for vaporization. Patients must register with the state and obtain a medical cannabis identification card. Cannabis products must be purchased from state-licensed dispensaries. The program has faced criticism for high costs and limited dispensary access in some regions. West Virginia does not have reciprocity with other states' medical cannabis programs. Driving under the influence of cannabis is prohibited. Public consumption is illegal. The state's program continues to expand with new dispensary locations being approved. Caregivers can be designated to assist patients who cannot obtain cannabis themselves.
Wisconsin
Legal Status
CBD oil is legal for limited medical use. All other cannabis is illegal.
Medical Marijuana
Extremely limited. Wisconsin allows only CBD oil with no more than 0.3% THC for patients with qualifying seizure disorders under Lydia's Law (2014 Act 267). A broader medical cannabis program does not exist.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. Possession of cannabis for recreational use remains a criminal offense, though first-time possession of small amounts is typically a misdemeanor.
Possession Limits
No legal possession limits for standard cannabis. First offense possession of any amount is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 6 months in jail and a $1,000 fine. Subsequent offenses are felonies.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Home cultivation of cannabis is illegal and considered manufacturing, which carries felony penalties.
Notes
Wisconsin has some of the strictest cannabis laws in the Midwest, contrasting sharply with neighboring states like Illinois and Michigan that have legalized recreational use. Several Wisconsin cities including Madison and Milwaukee have decriminalized possession of small amounts, reducing penalties to civil forfeitures rather than criminal charges in some cases. However, state law still prevails and possession remains illegal. The Wisconsin Legislature has considered various medical cannabis bills over the years, but none have passed. Governor Tony Evers has included cannabis legalization in budget proposals, but the Republican-controlled legislature has removed these provisions. Delta-8 THC products exist in a legal gray area. Industrial hemp cultivation is legal under the 2018 Farm Bill framework. The sharp contrast with neighboring Illinois, where recreational dispensaries operate near the border, has sparked ongoing debate about potential tax revenue loss.
Wyoming
Legal Status
Cannabis is fully illegal. Wyoming has no medical or recreational cannabis programs.
Medical Marijuana
Not legal. Wyoming does not have a medical cannabis program. Hemp-derived CBD products with less than 0.3% THC are legal following the 2018 Farm Bill.
Recreational Marijuana
Illegal. Possession of cannabis for any purpose is a criminal offense in Wyoming.
Possession Limits
No legal possession. Possession of up to 3 ounces is a misdemeanor with up to 12 months in jail and a $1,000 fine. Possession of more than 3 ounces is a felony with up to 5 years imprisonment.
Home Grow
Not permitted. Cultivation of any amount of cannabis is illegal and treated as manufacturing, carrying felony penalties including up to 5 years imprisonment for small-scale grows.
Notes
Wyoming maintains some of the strictest cannabis laws in the United States. The state has consistently rejected efforts to introduce medical cannabis legislation. In 2015, the legislature passed HB 32 allowing limited use of hemp extract (CBD) for intractable epilepsy patients, but this was vetoed by Governor Matt Mead. Subsequent attempts at medical cannabis legislation have failed in committee. Wyoming is bordered by Colorado and Montana, both of which have legal recreational cannabis, creating cross-border enforcement challenges. The state has no decriminalization measures at the local level. Driving under the influence of cannabis is strictly prohibited with a zero-tolerance policy. Industrial hemp cultivation was legalized in 2019 following federal legalization. Delta-8 THC exists in a legal gray area. Wyoming's conservative political climate and small population have made cannabis reform particularly challenging. Law enforcement maintains active enforcement against cannabis possession and trafficking.